Understanding How A User Gets Database Access in SQL Server

Problem

I have been tasked with auditing security on my SQL Server. I understand that logins allow you to connect to SQL Server, but I'm not quite understanding how to determine whether a login has access to a database or not. For instance, I know that all logins can access the master database, but when I look at a login in SQL Server Management Studio, I don't see a checkbox beside the master db for that login. How can I determine what databases a login has access to?

Solution

You're right, that if you look in SQL Server Management Studio you won't see a login's access to the master database unless the DBA has done something explicitly. An example is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1:

But we do know that all logins can access the master database. So let's talk about how a login can connect to a given database. There are five possible ways a login can have permission to connect to a given database:

1. Explicit access is granted.
2. The login is a member of the sysadmin fixed server role.
3. The login has CONTROL SERVER permissions (SQL Server 2005/2008 only).
4. The login is the owner of the database.
5. The guest user is enabled on the database.

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Explicit Access (Login Mapped to Database User):

The first way is if a login is given explicit access to a database. For instance, in SQL Server 2000, if I had a user MyTestUser, I would grant access like so from within the database:

EXEC sp_grantdbaccess 'MyTestUser'; GO  

In SQL Server 2005 and 2008 there are new T-SQL commands to create logins and users. So I would use the following command to do the same thing:

CREATE USER MyTestUser FOR LOGIN MyTestUser; GO  

A login granted access in this manner should appear in the sysusers table (SQL Server 2000) or the sys.database_principals catalog view (SQL Server 2005/2008). For instance, here's how I would match up users in a given database to their corresponding logins (SQL Server 2000):

SELECT sl.name AS 'Login', su.name AS 'User'  FROM master..syslogins sl 
  JOIN sysusers su 
    ON sl.sid = su.sid ORDER BY sl.name, su.name;  

And here's how we'd do it in SQL Server 2005/2008:

SELECT sp.name AS 'Login', dp.name AS 'User' FROM sys.database_principals dp 
  JOIN sys.server_principals sp 
    ON dp.sid = sp.sid ORDER BY sp.name, dp.name;

If you see a login match up to a user in this manner, then the login has access to the database.

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Implicit Access (Member of Sysadmin Fixed Server Role):

All members of the sysadmin fixed server role map to the dbo user of every database. Therefore, if a login is a member of this role, it automatically has access to every database.

Here is the query for SQL 2000 to see members of the sysadmin fixed server role.

EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin'

Here is the query for SQL 2005/2008 to see members of the sysadmin fixed server role.

SELECT sp.name FROM sys.server_role_members srm INNER JOIN sys.server_principals sp 
     ON srm.member_principal_id = sp.principal_id WHERE srm.role_principal_id = ( 
     SELECT principal_id 
     FROM sys.server_principals 
     WHERE [Name] = 'sysadmin')

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Implicit Access (CONTROL SERVER permission - SQL Server 2005/2008):

The CONTROL SERVER permission gives equivalent rights as a member of the sysadmin role with a few exceptions, which aren't of importance here. Therefore, if a login doesn't map explicitly to a user in a database, but that login has CONTROL SERVER permissions, that login can still access the database. You can see who has CONTROL SERVER permissions by the following query:

SELECT sp.name 'Login'  FROM sys.server_principals sp 
   JOIN sys.server_permissions perms 
     ON sp.principal_id = perms.grantee_principal_id WHERE perms.type = 'CL'      
  AND perms.state = 'G';

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Implicit Access (Database Owner):

The database owner automatically maps into the database as the dbo user. The query given under explicit access should reveal the owner by just looking at the dbo user. However, another way is to query the sysdatabases table (SQL Server 2000) or sys.databases catalog view (SQL Server 2005/2008). Here's the SQL Server 2000 query that reveals all the owners of all the databases on the server:

SELECT db.name AS 'Database', sl.name AS 'Owner'  FROM sysdatabases db 
  INNER JOIN syslogins sl 
    ON db.sid = sl.sid ORDER BY db.name;

And here's how to do the same thing in SQL Server 2005/2008:

SELECT db.name AS 'Database', sp.name AS 'Owner' FROM sys.databases db
  LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals sp 
    ON db.owner_sid = sp.sid ORDER BY db.name;

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Implicit Access (Guest User Is Enabled):

The final way a login can get access to a database is if the guest user is enabled for that database. If a login cannot map in any other way, it'll use guest if that's available. That's actually how logins can access the master database. The guest user is enabled. With respect to user databases, the guest user should only be enabled in special cases. The default is for it to be disabled. However, there are two system databases which the guest user must always remain enabled. They are:

• master
• tempdb

And that explains why logins always have access to master, even when explicit rights aren't visible. To see if the guest user is enabled we can query sysusers (SQL Server 2000) or sys.database_permissions (SQL Server 2005/2008). Here's how to do it in SQL Server 2000:

SELECT su.name, CASE su.hasdbaccess WHEN 1 THEN 'Yes' ELSE 'No' END AS 'Enabled' FROM sysusers su WHERE su.name = 'guest';

In SQL Server 2005/2008 we have to look for the existence of the CONNECT permission at the database level for the guest user. If it exists, the guest user is enabled. If it doesn't, then the guest user is not.

SELECT dp.name, CASE perms.class WHEN 0 THEN 'Yes' ELSE 'No' END AS 'Enabled' FROM sys.database_principals dp 
  LEFT JOIN (SELECT grantee_principal_id, class FROM sys.database_permissions  
              WHERE class = 0 AND type = 'CO' AND state = 'G') AS perms 
    ON dp.principal_id = perms.grantee_principal_id WHERE dp.name = 'guest'; 

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